Referenser och regelverk

Referenser

1. SIS-TR 57:2020. Handbok för grundläggande rekommendationer för lager¬hållning, hantering och transport av sterila medicintekniska produkter inom hälso- och sjukvård, tandvård och djursjukvård. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet för Standarder (SIS); 2020.
2. SIS/TS 39:2025. Mikrobiologisk luftrenhet vid invasiva ingrepp – Förebyggande av luftburen smitta – Vägledning och grundläggande krav. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet för Standarder (SIS); 2025.
3. Nationell arbetsgrupp (NAG) Vårdhygien: Nationellt system för kunskapsstyrning hälso- och sjukvård. Vägledning för desinfektion i vården. Sveriges Regioner i Samverkan; 2024.
4. Noble WC. Dispersal of skin microorganisms. British Journal of Dermatology. 1975;93(4):477-485.
5. Tammelin A, Ljungqvist B, Reinmüller B. Comparison of three distinct surgical clothing systems for protection from air-borne bacteria: A prospective observational study. Patient Safety in Surgery. 2012;6(1):23.
6. Zimmerli W, Moser C. Pathogenesis and treatment concepts of orthopaedic biofilm infections. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology. 2012;65(2):158-168.
7. Andersson AE, Bergh I, Karlsson J, Eriksson BI, Nilsson K. Traffic flow in the operating room: an explorative and descriptive study on air quality during orthopedic trauma implant surgery. American Journal of Infection Control. 2012;40(8):750-755.
8. Aganovic A, Cao G, Fecer T, Radtke A, Reinmüller B, Traversari R, et al. Ventilation design conditions associated with airborne bacteria levels within the wound area during surgical procedures: a systematic review. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2021;113:85-95.
9. Cao G, Storås M, Aganovic A, Stenstad L-I, Skogås JG. Do surgeons and surgical facilities disturb the clean air distribution close to a surgical patient in an orthopedic operating room with laminar airflow?. American Journal of Infection Control. 2018;46(10):1115-1122.
10. Erichsen Andersson A, Petzold M, Bergh I, Karlsson J, Eriksson B I, Nilsson K. Comparison between mixed and laminar airflow systems in operating rooms and the influence of human factors: Experiences from a Swedish orthopedic center. American Journal of Infection Control. 2014;42(6):665-669.
11. Tammelin A, Kylmänen P, Samuelsson A. Comparison of number of airborne bacteria in operating rooms with turbulent mixing ventilation and unidirectional airflow when using reusable scrub suits and single-use scrub suits. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2023;135:119-124.
12. SOSFS 2015:10. Basal hygien i vård och omsorg. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen
13. SS-EN 13795-2:2019. Operationskläder och draperingsmaterial - Krav och testmetoder - Del 2: Specialarbetsdräkter. Stockholm: Svenska institutet för standarder (SIS); 2019.
14. AFS 2023:10. Risker i arbetsmiljön. Stockholm: Arbetsmiljöverket
15. AFS 2023:11. Arbetsutrustning och personlig skyddsutrustning - säker användning. Stockholm: Arbetsmiljöverket
16. SS-EN 14683:2025. Operationsmunskydd – Krav och provningsmetoder. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet för Standarder (SIS); 2025.
17. SS-EN 149+A1:2009. Andningsskydd – Filtrerade halvmasker mot partiklar-Fordringar, provning, märkning. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet för Standarder (SIS); 2009.
18. Riksföreningen för operationssjukvård.  Riksföreningen anser och rekommenderar om kirurgisk rök (pdf). Riksföreningen för Operationssjukvård; 2015.
19. Kyriazanos I, Kalles V, Stefanopoulos A, Spiliotis J, Mohamed F. Operating personnel safety during the administration of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). Surgical Oncology. 2016;25(3):308-314.
20. SS-EN 12791:2016. Kemiska desinfektionsmedel och antiseptiska medel - Preoperativ handdesinfektion - Provningsmetoder och krav (fas 2, steg 2). Stockholm: Svenska Institutet för Standarder (SIS); 2016.
21. Annaqeeb MK, Zhang Y, Dziedzic JW, Xue K, Pedersen C, Stenstad LI, et al. Influence of surgical team activity on airborne bacterial distribution in the operating room with a mixing ventilation system: a case study at St. Olavs Hospital. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2021;116:91-98.
22. Birgand G, Azevedo C, Rukly S, Pissard-Gibollet R, Toupet G, Timsit J-F, et al. Motion-capture system to assess intraoperative staff movements and door openings: Impact on surrogates of the infectious risk in surgery. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2019;40(5):566-573.
23. Lansing S, Moley J, McGrath M, Stoodley P, Chaudhari A, Quatman C. High Number of Door Openings Increases the Bacterial Load of the Operating Room. Surgical Infections. 2021;22(7):684-689.
24. Taaffe K, Lee B, Ferrand Y, Fredendall L, San D, Salgado C, et al. The Influence of Traffic, Area Location, and Other Factors on Operating Room Microbial Load. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2018;39(4):391-397.
25. Cao G, Pedersen C, Zhang Y, Drangsholt F, Radtke A, Langvatn H, et al. Can clothing systems and human activity in operating rooms with mixed flow ventilation systems help achieve the ultraclean air requirement (≤10 CFU/m3) during orthopaedic surgeries?. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2022;120:110-116.
26. Tammelin A, Ljungqvist B, Reinmüller B. Single-use surgical clothing system for reduction of airborne bacteria in the operating room. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2013;84(3):245-247.
27. Menekse G, Kuscu F, Mutay Suntur B, Gezercan Y, Ates T, Mashar Ozsoy K, et al. Evaluation of the Time-dependent Contamination of Spinal Implants: Prospective Randomized Trial. Spine. 2015;40(16):1247-1251.
28. Qvistgaard M, Almerud-Österberg S, Lovebo J. Covering surgical instruments with single- or double-layer drape pending surgery: an experimental study in a perioperative setting. Journal of Infection Prevention. 2021;22(3):126-131.
29. Wistrand C, Söderquist B, Friberg Ö, Sundqvist A-S. Bacterial air contamination and the protective effect of coverage for sterile surgical goods: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Infection Control. 2025;53(4):467-472.
30. Bretonnier M, Michinov E, Morandi X, Riffaud L. Interruptions in Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Surgical Research. 2020;247:190-196.
31. Riksföreningen för operationssjukvård. Riksföreningen anser och rekommenderar om iordningställande och skydd av steril kirurgisk utrustning (pdf). Riksföreningen för operationssjukvård; 2020 [uppdaterad 2025-02-04].
32. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR, The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 1999;20(4):247-280.
33. Gronkjaer M, Eliasen M, Skov-Ettrup LS, Tolstrup JS, Schurmann J, Christiansen AH, et al. Preoperative smoking status and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Surgery. 2014;259(1):52-71.
34. Nolan MB, Martin DP, Thompson R, Schroeder DR, Hanson AC, Warner DO. Association Between Smoking Status, Preoperative Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Levels, and Postoperative Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. JAMA Surgery. 2017;152(5):476-483.
35. Eliasen M, Gronkjaer M, Skov-Ettrup LS, Mikkelsen SS, Becker U, Tolstrup JS, Flensborg-Madsen T. Preoperative alcohol consumption and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Surgery. 2013;258(6):930-942.
36. PRISS Expertgrupp 1. Riskfaktorer för ledprotesinfektion samt optimering av patient inför elektiv ledprotesoperation (pdf). Stockholm: Löf (Landstingens Ömsesidiga Försäkringsbolag); 2019 [uppdaterad 2024-10-30]. Version 3.1;
37. Nationellt programområde (NPO) för levnadsvanor. Nationellt vårdprogram vid ohälsosamma levnadsvanor – prevention och behandling (pdf). Nationellt system för kunskapsstyrning Hälso- och sjukvård: Sveriges Regioner i Samverkan; 2021 [uppdaterad 2024-05-16]. Version 3;
38. Berrios-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, Schecter WP. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surgery. 2017;152(8):784-791.
39. Boyce JM. Best products for skin antisepsis. American Journal of Infection Control. 2023;51(11):58-63.
40. de Castro Franco LM, Fernandes Cota G, Saraiva Pinto T, Falci Ercole F. Preoperative bathing of the surgical site with chlorhexidine for infection prevention: Systematic review with meta-analysis. American Journal of Infection Control. 2017;45(4):343-349.
41. Webster J, Osborne S. Preoperative bathing or showering with skin antiseptics to prevent surgical site infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2:CD004985.
42. Wang Z, Zheng J, Zhao Y, Xiang Y, Chen X, Zhao F, et al. Preoperative bathing with chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of surgical site infections after total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96(47):e8321.
43. Edmiston CE Jr, Lee CJ, Krepel CJ, Spencer M, Leaper D, Brown KR, et al. Evidence for a Standardized Preadmission Showering Regimen to Achieve Maximal Antiseptic Skin Surface Concentrations of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, 4%, in Surgical Patients. JAMA Surgery. 2015;150(11):1027-33.
44. Edmiston Jr CE, Leaper D. Should preoperative showering or cleansing with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) be part of the surgical care bundle to prevent surgical site infection?. Journal of Infection Prevention. 2017;18(6):311-314.
45. Edmiston CE Jr, Okoli O, Graham MB, Sinski S, Seabrook GR. Evidence for using chlorhexidine gluconate preoperative cleansing to reduce the risk of surgical site infection. AORN Journal. 2010;92(5):509-518.
46. Lim K-S, Kam PCA. Chlorhexidine--pharmacology and clinical applications. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2008;36(4):502-512.
47. Warren BG, Nelson A, Warren DK, Baker MA, Miller C, Habrock T, et al. Impact of preoperative chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) application methods on preoperative CHG skin concentration. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2021;42(4):464-466.
48. Byrne DJ, Napier A, Phillips G, Cuschieri A. Effects of whole body disinfection on skin flora in patients undergoing elective surgery. Journal of Hospital Infection. 1991;17(3):217-222.
49. Tanner J, Melen K. Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;8:
50. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline: Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 [uppdaterad 2020-08-19]. NG125;
51. The Joint Commission. National Patient Safety Goals® Effective January 2025 for the Hospital Program (pdf). Washington DC: The Joint Commission; 2024.
52. Riksföreningen för operationssjukvård. Riksföreningen anser och rekommenderar om åtgärder mot förväxling (pdf). Riksföreningen för operationssjukvård; 2018.
53. Löf (Landstingens Ömsesidiga Försäkringsbolag). Manual: Checklista för säker kirurgi 2.0 (pdf). Stockholm: Löf (Landstingens Ömsesidiga Försäkringsbolag); 2019.
54. Gustafsson IL, Rask M, Schildmeijer K, Elmqvist C. Patients experience of warmth and coldness in connection with surgery – a phenomenological study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. 2021;16(1):1858540.
55. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;334(19):1209-1216.
56. Sessler DI. Perioperative thermoregulation and heat balance. Lancet. 2016;387(10038):2655-2664.
57. Ji N, Wang J, Li X, Shang Y. Strategies for perioperative hypothermia management: advances in warming techniques and clinical implications: a narrative review. BMC Surgery. 2024;24(1):425.
58. Wistrand C, Nilsson U, Sundqvist A-S. Patient experience of preheated and room temperature skin disinfection prior to cardiac device implantation: A randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2020;19(6):529-536.
59. Zeevi T, Levy A, Brauner N, Gefen A. Effects of ambient conditions on the risk of pressure injuries in bedridden patients-multi-physics modelling of microclimate. International Wound Journal. 2018;15(3):402-416.
60. Frödin M, Ahlstrom L, Gillespie BM, Rogmark C, Nellgård B, Wikström E et al. Effectiveness of implementing a preventive urinary catheter care bundle in hip fracture patients. Journal of Infection Prevention. 2022;23(2):41-48.
61. Frödin M, Nellgård B, Rogmark C, Gillespie BM, Wikström E, Andersson AE. A co-created nurse-driven catheterisation protocol can reduce bladder distension in acute hip fracture patients - results from a longitudinal observational study. BMC Nursing. 2022;21(1):276.
62. Hasegawa T, Tashiro S, Mihara T, Kon J, Sakurai K, Tanaka Y, et al. Efficacy of surgical skin preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol according to the concentration required to prevent surgical site infection: meta-analysis. BJS Open. 2022;6(5):
63. Holm S, Huss F. Alkoholbaserade tvättlösningar kan ge brännskador vid diatermi. Läkartidningen. 2022;119:22019.
64. Vo A, Bengezi O. Third-degree burns caused by ignition of chlorhexidine: A case report and systematic review of the literature. Plastic Surgery. 2014;22(4):264-266.
65. Hull L, Arora S, Aggarwal R, Darzi A, Vincent C, Sevdalis N. The impact of nontechnical skills on technical performance in surgery: a systematic review. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2012;214(2):214-230.
66. Catchpole K, Mishra A, Handa A, McCulloch P. Teamwork and error in the operating room: analysis of skills and roles. Annals of Surgery. 2008;247(4):699-706.
67. Gillespie BM, Chaboyer W, Fairweather N. Interruptions and Miscommunications in Surgery: An Observational Study. AORN Journal. 2012;95(5):576-590.
68. Allers JC, Hussein AA, Ahmad N, Cavuoto L, Wing JF, Hayes RM, et al. Evaluation and Impact of Workflow Interruptions During Robot-assisted Surgery. Urology. 2016;92:33-37.
69. Treadwell JR, Lucas S, Tsou AY. Surgical checklists: a systematic review of impacts and implementation. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2014;23(4):299-318.
70. PRISS: Expertgrupp 3. Tidig upptäckt av postoperativ infektion samt infektionsregistrering (pdf). Stockholm: Löf (Landstingens Ömsesidiga Försäkringsbolag); 2023.
71. Morgan-Jones R; Bishay M, Hernández-Hermoso JA, Lantis JC, Murray J, Pajamaki J, et al. Incision care and dressing selection in surgical wounds: Findings from an international meeting of surgeons (pdf). London: Wounds International; 2019.
72. Dumville JC, Gray TA, Walter CJ, Sharp CA, Page T, Macefield R, et al. Dressings for the prevention of surgical site infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016;12:
73. Monaco JL, Lawrence WT. Acute wound healing an overview. Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 2003;30(1):1-12.
74. Copeland-Halperin LR, Reategui Via y Rada ML, Levy J, Shank N, Funderburk CD, Shin JH. Does the timing of postoperative showering impact infection rates? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2020;73(7):1306-1311.
75. Durai R, Mownah A, Ng PC. Use of drains in surgery: a review. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 2009;19(6):180-186.
76. Kosins AM, Scholz T, Cetinkaya M, Evans G. Evidence-based value of subcutaneous surgical wound drainage: the largest systematic review and meta-analysis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2013;132(2):443-450.
77. McHugh SM, Hill ADK, Humphreys H. Intraoperative technique as a factor in the prevention of surgical site infection. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2011;78(1):1-4.
78. Durai R, Ng PC. Surgical Vacuum Drains: Types, Uses, and Complications. AORN Journal. 2010;91(2):266-274.
79. Sveriges Kommuner och Regioner. Vårdrelaterade infektioner: En kunskapssammanställning baserad på markörbaserad journalgranskning 2013-2018 (pdf). Stockholm: Sveriges Kommuner och Regioner (SKR); 2019.
80. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals – 2022-2023 (pdf). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC); 2024.
81. Folkhälsomyndigheten. Att förebygga vårdrelaterade infektioner: ett kunskapsunderlag. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 2006. [citerad 2023-08-16];
82. SFS 2010:659. Patientsäkerhetslag. Stockholm: Socialdepartementet